Master the Concepts and Principles of Design of Machine Elements 1 with JBK Das PDF 14
Design of Machine Elements 1 JBK Das PDF 14
Design of machine elements is one of the core subjects in mechanical engineering. It deals with the principles, methods, and techniques for designing various components of machines such as shafts, couplings, fasteners, welded joints, springs, bearings, etc. These components are essential for transmitting power, motion, and load in different machines.
design of machine elements 1 jbk das pdf 14
If you are looking for a comprehensive and authoritative book on design of machine elements, you should check out Design of Machine Elements 1 by JBK Das. This book is written by a renowned professor and author who has more than 40 years of teaching and research experience in this field. He has also authored several other books on mechanical engineering topics such as engineering mechanics, strength of materials, theory of machines, etc.
The PDF 14 edition of this book is the latest and updated version that covers all the topics as per the syllabus of various universities. It also includes many solved examples, unsolved problems, review questions, objective questions, case studies, etc. to help you understand the concepts better. The book also has a user-friendly layout with clear diagrams, tables, and figures.
In this article, we will give you an overview of the main topics covered in this book. We will also provide you with some useful tips and resources for learning design of machine elements. So, let's get started!
Basic Concepts and Principles
Before we dive into the design of specific machine elements, we need to understand some basic concepts and principles that are common to all of them. These include:
Types of machine elements: Machine elements can be classified into two broad categories: rigid and deformable. Rigid elements are those that do not undergo any significant deformation under the applied load, such as gears, pulleys, cams, etc. Deformable elements are those that undergo some amount of deformation under the applied load, such as shafts, springs, belts, etc.
Design criteria and factors: The design of machine elements involves finding the optimum dimensions, shape, material, and arrangement of the components to meet the desired performance, safety, and reliability requirements. Some of the common design criteria and factors are: strength, stiffness, stability, wear, fatigue, corrosion, vibration, noise, cost, etc.
Methods and tools for analysis and synthesis: The analysis of machine elements involves determining the stresses, strains, deflections, forces, torques, etc. that are induced in the components due to the applied load. The synthesis of machine elements involves selecting the appropriate type, size, material, and configuration of the components to satisfy the design criteria and factors. Some of the methods and tools for analysis and synthesis are: equations of equilibrium, compatibility, and constitutive relations; free body diagrams; stress-strain diagrams; failure theories; design charts; design standards; computer-aided design (CAD); finite element analysis (FEA); etc.
Design of Shafts and Couplings
Shafts
Shafts are cylindrical or prismatic bars that are used to transmit power or motion from one point to another in a machine. They are usually subjected to bending, torsion, axial force, or a combination of these. Some of the functions and applications of shafts are:
To support rotating elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, etc.
To transmit torque from a prime mover such as an engine or a motor to a driven machine such as a pump or a generator.
To change the direction or speed of rotation by using gears or belts.
To provide a means of adjustment or control by using clutches or brakes.
The design of shafts involves finding the diameter, length, material, and shape of the shaft that can withstand the applied load without failing or exceeding the allowable deflection or twist. Some of the steps involved in the design of shafts are:
Determine the type and magnitude of load acting on the shaft.
Select a suitable material for the shaft based on its strength, stiffness, toughness, ductility, etc.
Assume a preliminary diameter for the shaft based on experience or empirical formulas.
Calculate the stresses and strains in the shaft due to bending, torsion, axial force, or a combination of these.
Check whether the stresses and strains are within the allowable limits based on the failure criteria such as maximum shear stress theory or maximum distortion energy theory.
If not, modify the diameter or material of the shaft and repeat steps 4 and 5 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Calculate the deflection and twist of the shaft due to bending and torsion.
Check whether the deflection and twist are within the allowable limits based on the functional requirements such as alignment, clearance, accuracy, etc.
If not, modify the diameter or material of the shaft and repeat steps 7 and 8 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Some of the common types of shafts are:
Solid shafts: These are shafts that have a uniform cross-section throughout their length. They are simple to manufacture and easy to analyze. However, they may be heavier and more expensive than other types of shafts.
Hollow shafts: These are shafts that have a hollow cross-section throughout their length. They are lighter and more economical than solid shafts for transmitting the same torque. However, they may be more difficult to manufacture and less rigid than solid shafts.
concentration or to increase stiffness.
Couplings
Couplings are mechanical devices that are used to connect two shafts together for transmitting torque or motion. They are usually required when the shafts are not aligned perfectly or when they need to be disconnected or adjusted frequently. Some of the functions and applications of couplings are:
To compensate for misalignment between shafts such as parallel, angular, or axial misalignment.
To provide flexibility and damping to reduce shock and vibration in the system.
To protect the shafts and the machines from overload or failure by acting as a fuse or a clutch.
To facilitate assembly and disassembly of the shafts and the machines.
The design of couplings involves finding the type, size, material, and configuration of the coupling that can transmit the required torque or motion without slipping, wearing, or failing. Some of the steps involved in the design of couplings are:
Determine the type and magnitude of torque or motion to be transmitted by the coupling.
Select a suitable material for the coupling based on its strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.
Assume a preliminary size for the coupling based on experience or empirical formulas.
Calculate the stresses and strains in the coupling due to torsion, bending, shear, etc.
Check whether the stresses and strains are within the allowable limits based on the failure criteria such as maximum shear stress theory or maximum distortion energy theory.
If not, modify the size or material of the coupling and repeat steps 4 and 5 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Calculate the efficiency and power loss of the coupling due to friction, slip, backlash, etc.
Check whether the efficiency and power loss are within the acceptable limits based on the performance requirements such as speed, accuracy, noise, etc.
If not, modify the size or material of the coupling and repeat steps 7 and 8 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Some of the common types of couplings are:
Rigid couplings: These are couplings that do not allow any relative motion between the shafts. They are simple and cheap but they require precise alignment and they do not provide any flexibility or damping. They are used for short and rigid shafts that do not experience much misalignment or vibration. Examples of rigid couplings are: flange couplings, sleeve couplings, clamp couplings, etc.
Flexible couplings: These are couplings that allow some relative motion between the shafts. They are more complex and expensive but they can compensate for misalignment and they provide some flexibility and damping. They are used for long and flexible shafts that experience moderate misalignment or vibration. Examples of flexible couplings are: gear couplings, chain couplings, universal joints, etc.
the speed and torque of the system. They are used for high power and variable speed applications such as automobiles, trains, ships, etc. Examples of fluid couplings are: hydraulic couplings, torque converters, etc.
Design of Fasteners and Welded Joints
Fasteners
Fasteners are mechanical devices that are used to join two or more parts together by applying clamping force. They are usually removable and reusable and they do not require any special tools or skills for installation or removal. Some of the functions and applications of fasteners are:
To assemble and disassemble parts or machines quickly and easily.
To provide a secure and rigid connection between parts or machines.
To prevent relative motion or separation between parts or machines due to external load or vibration.
To distribute the load evenly over a large area or along a desired direction.
The design of fasteners involves finding the type, size, number, material, and arrangement of the fasteners that can join the parts together without failing or loosening. Some of the steps involved in the design of fasteners are:
Determine the type and magnitude of load acting on the joint.
Select a suitable material for the fasteners based on its strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, etc.
Assume a preliminary size for the fasteners based on experience or empirical formulas.
Calculate the clamping force and the preload required to prevent loosening of the fasteners due to external load or vibration.
Calculate the stresses and strains in the fasteners due to tension, shear, bending, etc.
Check whether the stresses and strains are within the allowable limits based on the failure criteria such as maximum shear stress theory or maximum distortion energy theory.
If not, modify the size or material of the fasteners and repeat steps 5 and 6 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Calculate the number and spacing of the fasteners required to distribute the load evenly over the joint area or along the desired direction.
Check whether the number and spacing of the fasteners are within the practical limits based on the availability, cost, space, etc.
If not, modify the number or spacing of the fasteners and repeat steps 8 and 9 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Some of the common types of fasteners are:
Bolts and nuts: These are fasteners that consist of a threaded cylindrical rod (bolt) and a matching threaded hole (nut). They are used to join parts that have clearance holes or threaded holes. They can be tightened or loosened by using a wrench or a spanner. Examples of bolts and nuts are: hex bolts, carriage bolts, eye bolts, etc.
Screws: These are fasteners that consist of a threaded cylindrical rod with a head at one end. They are used to join parts that have clearance holes or threaded holes. They can be tightened or loosened by using a screwdriver or an allen key. Examples of screws are: machine screws, wood screws, self-tapping screws, etc.
the holes and deforming the other end by using a hammer or a rivet gun. They are permanent and non-removable. Examples of rivets are: solid rivets, blind rivets, pop rivets, etc.
Pins: These are fasteners that consist of a smooth cylindrical rod with or without a head at one or both ends. They are used to join parts that have clearance holes or grooves. They can be installed by inserting them through the holes or grooves and securing them by using a cotter pin, a snap ring, or a washer. They are semi-permanent and removable. Examples of pins are: dowel pins, taper pins, cotter pins, etc.
Welded Joints
Welded joints are joints that are formed by melting and fusing two or more parts together by applying heat and/or pressure. They are usually permanent and non-removable and they require special tools and skills for fabrication. Some of the functions and applications of welded joints are:
To join parts that have complex shapes or irregular surfaces.
To provide a strong and rigid connection between parts or machines.
To reduce the weight and cost of the structure by eliminating the need for fasteners.
To improve the appearance and aesthetics of the structure by avoiding holes or protrusions.
The design of welded joints involves finding the type, size, shape, material, and configuration of the welds that can join the parts together without failing or cracking. Some of the steps involved in the design of welded joints are:
Determine the type and magnitude of load acting on the joint.
Select a suitable material for the welds based on its strength, ductility, toughness, etc.
Assume a preliminary size and shape for the welds based on experience or empirical formulas.
Calculate the stresses and strains in the welds due to tension, shear, bending, etc.
Check whether the stresses and strains are within the allowable limits based on the failure criteria such as maximum shear stress theory or maximum distortion energy theory.
If not, modify the size or shape of the welds and repeat steps 4 and 5 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Calculate the efficiency and power loss of the joint due to heat input, distortion, residual stress, etc.
Check whether the efficiency and power loss are within the acceptable limits based on the performance requirements such as accuracy, quality, durability, etc.
If not, modify the size or shape of the welds and repeat steps 7 and 8 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Some of the common types of welded joints are:
Butt joints: These are welded joints that are formed by joining two parts along their edges in a single plane. They are simple and easy to fabricate but they have low strength and stiffness. They are used for thin plates or sheets that do not experience much load or stress. Examples of butt joints are: square butt joint, single V butt joint, double V butt joint, etc.
Fillet joints: These are welded joints that are formed by joining two parts at right angles along their edges in two planes. They are complex and difficult to fabricate but they have high strength and stiffness. They are used for thick plates or bars that experience moderate load or stress. Examples of fillet joints are: lap joint, tee joint, corner joint, etc.
double U groove joint, single J groove joint, double J groove joint, etc.
Design of Springs and Bearings
Springs
Springs are elastic elements that are used to store and release energy by undergoing deformation under the applied load. They are usually made of metal wires or rods that are coiled or bent into various shapes. Some of the functions and applications of springs are:
To provide cushioning and damping to reduce shock and vibration in the system.
To provide flexibility and adjustability to accommodate variations in load or displacement.
To provide force or torque transmission or control by acting as a spring clutch or a spring brake.
To provide stability and balance to maintain equilibrium or alignment in the system.
The design of springs involves finding the type, size, material, and configuration of the springs that can store and release the required amount of energy without failing or exceeding the allowable deformation. Some of the steps involved in the design of springs are:
Determine the type and magnitude of load or displacement to be applied or released by the spring.
Select a suitable material for the spring based on its strength, stiffness, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, etc.
Assume a preliminary size and shape for the spring based on experience or empirical formulas.
Calculate the stresses and strains in the spring due to tension, compression, torsion, bending, etc.
Check whether the stresses and strains are within the allowable limits based on the failure criteria such as maximum shear stress theory or maximum distortion energy theory.
If not, modify the size or shape of the spring and repeat steps 4 and 5 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Calculate the stiffness and deflection of the spring due to tension, compression, torsion, bending, etc.
Check whether the stiffness and deflection are within the desired limits based on the functional requirements such as energy storage, force transmission, vibration isolation, etc.
If not, modify the size or shape of the spring and repeat steps 7 and 8 until a satisfactory solution is obtained.
Some of the common types of springs are:
Helical springs: These are springs that consist of a metal wire or rod that is coiled into a helical shape. They can be subjected to axial tension or compression or lateral bending. They are simple and cheap but they have limited range of deformation and they may buckle under compression. Examples of helical springs are: coil springs, torsion springs, leaf springs, etc.
Bellows springs: These are springs that consist of a metal tube that is corrugated into a cylindrical shape. They can be subjected to axial tension or compression or radial expansion or contraction. They have high range of deformation and they do not buckle under compression. However, they are complex and expensive and they have low stiffness. Examples of bellows springs are: gas springs, air springs, hydraulic springs, etc.
the deformation or stiffness. Examples of disc springs are: Belleville washers, diaphragm springs, etc.
Bearings
Bearings are mechanical devices that are used to support and guide a rotating or sliding element such as a shaft, a wheel, a gear, etc. They are usually placed between two parts that have relative motion and they reduce the friction and wear between them. Some of the functions and applications of bearings are:
To support and constrain the motion of a rotating or sliding element along a desired direction or axis.
To reduce the friction and wear between the moving parts and increase their efficiency and life span.
To provide lubrication and cooling to the moving parts and prevent overheating or seizing.
To absorb and isolate the shock and vibration from the moving parts and reduce the noise and vibration in the system.
The design of bearings involves finding the type, size, material, and configuration of the bearings that can support and guide the required load or motion without failing or exceeding the allow